Kerinci Seblat National Park is the largest national park in Sumatra, which has an area of 13,750 km². This national park is located at 100°31 "18E - 102°44 "01E and 1°07 "13S - 1°26 "14S. Administratively, this national park is located in 14 regencies and 2 cities which are included in 4 provinces, namely West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu and South Sumatra.
This national park consists of the Bukit Barisan Mountains, which have the highest plateau area in Sumatra, Mount Kerinci (3,805 m). This national park also consists of hot springs, fast-flowing rivers, caves, waterfalls and the highest caldera lake in Southeast Asia, Gunung Tujuh Lake.
This national park also has a variety of flora and fauna. The national park area is home to over 4,000 plant species, including the world's largest flower, Rafflesia arnoldi, and the world's tallest flower, Amorphophallus titanum. Sumatran tigers, Sumatran rhinos, Sumatran elephants, clouded leopards, Malay tapirs, bear honey, and approximately 370 bird species can be found in the national park area.
The acceptance of the Sumatran Tropical Rainforest Heritage on the list of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO, makes Kerinci Seblat National Park also accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with Gunung Leuser National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. In addition, this national park has been included as an ASEAN Heritage Park since December 18, 2003.
HISTORY
In 1982, at the 3rd World National Parks Congress in Bali, the Minister of Agriculture declared the area, which is now a TNKS area, covering an area of ± 1,424,650 ha, as a candidate for a National Park. The area is an amalgamation of several forest areas, such as nature reserves, wildlife reserves, protected forests, tourism, forests, and production forests.
In 1996, after going through a long process of review and structuring, the Minister of Forestry designated an area of ± 1,368,000 ha as the Kerinci Seblat National Park area according to the Minister of Forestry Decree No. 192/KptsII/1996.
In 1999, the Minister of Forestry and Plantations determined the TNKS area of ± 1,375,349,867 ha through Decree No. 901/Kpts-II/1999.
In 2004, the Minister of Forestry stipulated a change in the function of the production forest area in Sipurak Hook covering an area of ± 14,160 Ha to become part of the TNKS area with a decree no. 420/Menhut-II/2004, so that the area of KSNP became ± 1,389,509,867 ha.
UNIQUENESS
The Kerinci Seblat National Park area is the largest land conservation area in Indonesia, which has been named a world heritage site by UNESCO since 2004. It is the habitat of various rare and endemic flora and fauna such as Sumatran tiger, Sumatran elephant, Sun bear, Asian tapir, Rafflesia, Taxus Sumatran, Pinus merkusii strain Kerinci and others.
Furthermore, the Kerinci Seblat National Park has a unique feature in that it covers a very large area, approximately 1,368,000 Ha.The size of the National Park area makes it a National Park which includes four provinces: Jambi Province, West Sumatra, Bengkulu, and South Sumatra Province. Another uniqueness of the Kerinci Seblat National Park can be seen in the presence of several types of forest ecosystems. Starting from the type of lowland forest ecosystem to sub-alpine ecosystems as well as several distinctive ecosystems such as peat swamps, freshwater swamps, and lakes.
FLORA
The Kerinci Seblat National Park contains over 4,000 plant species, with lowland forests accounting for 60% of them. The dominant plants are the Dipterocarpaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, and Bombacaceae. There are also 300 species of orchids, various species of bamboo, cinnamon, rattan, and rare edelweiss (Anaphalis sp.). In addition, there are the largest flowers, Rafflesia arnoldii, Rafflesia hasseltii, and the world's tallest flower, Amorphophallus titanum, as well as a rare flora of pitcher plants (Nepenthes sp.).
The most important vegetation type is the tropical rain forest, Dipterocarpaceae, which is found in the lowlands and hills up to an altitude of more than 1,000 m above sea level. These tree species include: Shorea parvifolia, Dipterocarpus sp., Parashorea sp., Koompassia malaccensis, and Dialium sp. The bottom layer is covered with palm Arenga sp., giant lotus Rafflesia arnoldii, and carrion flower Amorphophallus titanum.
Low mountain tropical rain forests dominated by Dipterocarpaceae species (up to 1,200 m above sea level), such as Hopea sp. and Shorea platyclados, Litsea sp., Rhodamnia cinere, and the Euphorbiaceae and Leguminosae tribes exist at altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 m above sea level. The bottom layer is overgrown by palms (Livingstonia altissima and Areca catechu), epiphytes (Asplenium sp., Bulbophyllum sp., Dendrobium sp., and Eria sp.), and pitcher plants (Nepenthes sp.). Above 1,500 meters above sea level, there is mountain forest vegetation dominated by the tribes of Lauraceae and Ericaceae, such as Podocarpus amarus, Castanopsis sp., Ficus variegate, and Cinnamomum parthenoxylon.
In Kerinci Regency, two swamp ecosystems are known, namely Rawa Ladeh and Rawa Bento, which are located at an altitude of 1, 950 meters above sea level with an area of 150 ha. These two swamps are the highest peat swamps on the island of Sumatra. Rawa Bento (Sangir Hulu) is a freshwater swamp with the characteristics of the grass species Leersia hexadra, Glo-chidion sp., and Eugnia spicata. Typical plant species with limited distribution can be found in this area, namely the kerinci pine strain (Pinus merkusii strain kerinci), pacet wood (Harpullia arborea), sunsang fern (Dyera costulata), and rafflesia flower (Rafflesia arnoldii).
FAUNA
Kerinci Seblat National Park is an unbroken chain of lowland to mountainous rainforests, including natural tropical pine forests, peat swamp forests, and freshwater lakes. This area is the habitat of most Sumatran birds. There are more than 371 species of birds (17 species of which are endemic to Sumatra), more than 85 species of mammals, seven species of primates, six species of amphibians, and ten species of reptiles. The two key species that are the focus of management are the Sumatran tiger and the Sumatran elephant.
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